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This study examines the environmental and economic feasibility of using repurposed spent electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the ESS of communication base stations (CBS) for load shifting.
In addition, it is found that the GWP value presents the lowest sensitivity to the variations in battery price, as around 0.7 % variation of the GWP value results from the 5 % fluctuation of the lifetime of repurposed LIBs.
Discussion In June 2021, The NEA of China released a new regulation on energy storage , claiming that “in principle, no new large-scale energy storage projects with second-life electric vehicle batteries are allowed”. This statement suggests that the administration on ESSs is gradually shifting from encouraging to tightening, but not banned.
Among a variety of battery-based ESSs, the ESSs that employ spent electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been regarded as the most promising approach . Spent EV LIBs still have 80 % of their nominal capacities, and it can still be used in ESS systems with lower requirements on battery performance .
First, it is a priority to address the safety issue of the large-scale secondary use of LIBs, as these batteries inherently still exhibit a safety concern. If a short circuit occurs inside the cell, the subsequent overheating becomes nearly uncontrollable, with the risk of misfire and explosion .
It is worth noting that among various types of available EV LIBs, LFP battery is perhaps the most commonly studied one in ESSs. According to Wu et al., Nickel-cobalt lithium manganite (NMC) and LFP batteries dominate China's EV battery market, accounting for a 99.4 % share of Chinese EV battery sales in 2020 .
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